riverboat gambling wiki

How Riverboat Gambling Became Riverboat Gaming

Kevin has been involved in the gambling industry since the ‘80s. From winning tournaments to casino management, he’s ultimately done it all. Throughout the years, he’s written for various iGaming publications on topics such as the legal landscape of online casinos and strategies behind winning. His favorite game is blackjack.

Cash-strapped states across the South and Midwest in the late eighties and early nineties were desperate for a new source of cash revenue that didn’t raise taxes. Gambling seemed like an easy way out, but it was going to be a hard sell to dubious voters.

But what if they used the allure of the old riverboat gambling myths and the promise of using the riverboat casinos to keep the gambling scourge at arm’s length from impacted communities? Could they sell this new, sanitized riverboat gaming to their constituents?

The Evolution of Gaming on America’s Rivers

We will explore the history of riverboat gaming in America from the early 19th century right into the 21st. We will discuss how it morphed and was delicately managed to become a product that a broad number of people could support a few decades ago, before starting another slow decline, and we take a closer look at some of its few bright remaining stars.

• ⛴ The History of Riverboat Gambling
• ⛴ The Beginnings of Riverboat Gaming
• ⛴ A Few of the Best Riverboat Casinos Remaining
• ⛴ Conclusion

The History of Riverboat Gambling

The first steamboat to make the trip down the Ohio and then the Mississippi was aptly named New Orleans, and she made her inaugural trip in 1811. For the next 100 years, these boats would define commerce along the nation’s mighty rivers. And with commerce comes con men.

The huge sums of money that came from moving much of the fledgling nation’s goods up and down the rivers would prove to be a powerful temptation. While much of the gambling that soon developed on these long, slow trips along the river was legal, many of the men who came to play were on the wrong side of the law .

Not even two decades into the new steamboat trade and there were articles in the Eastern papers about the con men, card sharps, and confidence scams being run on every bumpkin that set foot on a boat. In 1835, the townsfolk in Vicksburg had had enough; they lynched 5 of the “professional gamblers” and burned every Faro table in town, which was stated to be in the dozens.

Much like the frontiersman who preceded them and the Wild West lawmen who would come later, these sharply dressed, supremely confident riverboat gamblers who plied their way on the steamboats of the Mississippi using only their luck and some “skills” they’d picked up along the way were the subject of many salacious headlines and stories in their day. Despite their many obvious flaws, an almost reverence was bestowed on them as archetypical American heroes.

The Beginnings Of Riverboat Gaming

The hay day of the Riverboat gambler started to fade in the 1860s during the Civil War, and then with the advent of railroads, they were soon all but forgotten. But in the early 1990s, states desperate for tax revenue and looking at the success of Las Vegas and Atlantic City decided to retest the waters of riverboat gambling.

This time, it was a way of introducing limited casino operations only along the waterways of the State’s rivers, selling it to their constituents as a diversion and pastime. Thus, the term riverboat gaming was needed . This was to be entertainment and frivolity, none of those card sharps and hustlers from the good ole days. So, a new term was coined.

Iowa led the riverboat race with the Diamond Lady in Bettendorf in April 1991. But riverboat gaming would soon come to Illinois, Mississippi, Missouri, Louisiana , and other states along the Mississippi and other large rivers like the Missouri and Ohio and even the Fox and Red Rivers.

Used mainly as a stalking horse for the eventual opening of land-based casinos in most of these states, many gamblers found the cramped quarters, the limited selection of slots and tables, and most egregious of all, the ability to only embark or disembark while the boat was at the pier, to be a let down from the Las Vegas style experience that they had been promised.

In Iowa, the first land-based casinos made an appearance in just three years. In every State, some accommodations were made , from no longer having to cruise the dangerous rivers to being allowed to move on to barges over the river to being able to move to land as long as you were adjacent to the river. This was a push generally called dock-side gaming, which meant that the actual return of elegant paddle wheelers with blackjack, roulette, and slot machines prowling the Mississippi again lasted less than a decade.

Dock-side gaming was far safer and allowed gamblers to come and go as they pleased , which drove casino revenues much higher. Also, the ability in some states to move either onto barges or land-based casinos adjacent to piers saw some spectacular casinos get built that could finally meet the promise of a Las Vegas experience.

A Few Of The Best Riverboat Casinos Remaining

If you are going to visit one of the grand old ladies of the river, we think that you should start with the actual riverboats that once traveled the Mississippi, and of these, the Amelia Belle is one of the most iconic .

Situated about an hour and a half outside New Orleans, deep in Cajun Country, this beautiful riverboat gambling hall has over 30,000 square feet of gaming space , 800 slots, and a dozen table games. Before she was damaged during Hurricane Katrina, she sailed up the river from the port of New Orleans several times a day in the mid-90s, but she now sits permanently in Bayou Bouef, her expedition days behind her.

Since Louisiana has kept its premise of at least gambling on a boat, even if its moored in a giant pool or cemented to the dock, longer than most other of the original riverboat casino states, it’s no wonder we can find most of the truly breathtaking and best riverboat casinos there.

Another of the must-see gambling boats sits on the Red River in Shreveport, Louisiana. Chosen for its 20-minute proximity to the Texas border and only two and a half hours drive from Dallas, Shreveport was once a thriving riverboat gambling town and one of the country’s premier riverboat casino locations. But the Indian tribes in Oklahoma, which sit only an hour outside of Dallas to the North, have taken some of their business.

Still, there are several other riverboats operating in Shreveport, but what we think makes the Sam’s Town Property, one of the best riverboat casinos in Louisiana , is that they’ve turned a 30,000-square-foot gaming boat into a destination resort. They have a 500+ room hotel directly adjacent and tied into the property with four restaurants including a really nice steak house and lots of other amenities. The boat itself has over 1000 slots and more than 27 table games.

One of the best riverboat casinos outside of Louisiana is the Grand Victoria in Elgin, Illinois. Built back in 1995, she was spared the dangers of cruising the Fox River in 1999, when Illinois was one of the last states to end their riverboat gaming rules that required the boats to leave their docks. Today, this 30,000-foot boat has room for 1100 slots and almost 30 tables and even sports an onboard buffet and three other restaurants. She is one of the prettier examples of the early 1990s boats that you will see as well, and it is well worth your time to get a good vantage point and take in her lines.

While both the age of riverboat gamblers and its more recent short-lived renaissance of riverboat gaming are now a thing of the past, the allure of cruising the mighty Mississippi while making your living playing cards and shooting dice will probably live on into the distant future. There is something about the water flowing past and the land slipping by out the window that just seems to call for a quick hand of poker or a spin on the roulette wheel.

It’s a call back to a time when the men and women who traveled these waterways were used to risking everything in order to follow their dreams. Get out there and check out some of those boats, wander the decks, play a hand or two of blackjack, and contemplate that river streaming by while you still have a chance to see a dying American breed , the last of the riverboat casinos.

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This Week In Illinois History: Riverboat Gambling Comes To Illinois (Feb. 7, 1991)

Illinoisans have bet on horseracing since 1927, purchased Lottery tickets since 1974 and gambled for non-profit charities since 1986.

But on Feb. 7, 1990, Gov. James Thompson signed the Riverboat Gambling Act , laying odds on economic development and tourism.

With a blackjack table as a desk, the signing ceremony took place at the Peoria Boatworks. A steamboat blasted its whistle while a calliope played “ Happy Days are Here Again .”

The newly created Illinois Gaming Board granted 10 licenses, giving preferential treatment to economically depressed areas outside the Chicago area. Riverboat casinos could operate only on water and gambling was permitted only after the boats left the dock.

The first license went to Alton, which launched Illinois’ first riverboat casino, the Alton Belle, on Sept. 10, 1991. The three-deck, 600-passenger boat held 296 slot machines and 22 gambling tables.

In the first year, riverboat gambling brought in $8 million in tax revenue. The next year, it raked in $54 million, surpassing horseracing revenue.

On May 21, 1999, Gov. George Ryan signed a new Riverboat Gambling Act, which allowed gambling to continue on riverboats while they remained dockside. The new law, however, allowed an easy work-around. Rivers Casino in Des Plaines, for example, dug a shallow pit on dry land, filled it with water, and built a casino over it.

Riverboat gambling tax revenue peaked at $699 million in 2005.

In June 2019, Gov. J.B. Pritzker signed legislation allowing Illinois’ 10 riverboat casinos to move operations to dry land, effectively tapping out this brief and quirky footnote to our state history.

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The Legacy and Historical Influence of Riverboat Casinos in the United States

Welcome aboard as we set sail into the captivating world of riverboat casinos in the United States . On this page, we’ll walk you through their legal status and historical implications, explore the where, what, and why of these floating gaming venues, and finally, take a close look at the modern condition of riverboat gambling.

As we explore the ins and outs of this unique chapter in American gaming history, we’ll also take a glance at if riverboat casinos have left a mark on the WV online gambling scene and gambling in the US in general.

• Legal Status of Riverboat Gambling
• Boat Casinos Regulation in Various States
• History of Riverboat Gambling
• Popular Riverboat Casinos

The Legal Status of Riverboat Gambling

Historically, casino boats were allowed in many states, mostly those with access to the Mississippi River. Today, only six states still allow this form of gambling:

Mississippi

Gambling boats are essentially floating casinos operating on designated waterways . They offer a wide variety of gambling activities just like land-based casinos, including slots , table games , and poker .

Each state with legal riverboat gambling has its own regulatory body responsible for licensing and ensuring compliance with state laws and regulations. These regulations typically address aspects such as gambling activities allowed, revenue sharing with the state, security measures, responsible gambling practices, and environmental considerations.

While sharing similarities with land-based casinos, riverboat casinos face additional regulations due to their unique setting, such as:

• Licensing requirements . Land-based casinos typically have more stringent licensing requirements than riverboat casinos. For instance, land-based casinos may be required to undergo a more rigorous background check and financial audit process compared to riverboat casinos;
• Location restrictions . There are usually fewer restrictions on riverboat casino locations than on those of the brick-and-mortar venues. For instance, land-based casinos might not be allowed to operate in certain areas, such as residential neighborhoods or near schools. Riverboat casinos, in turn, are more flexible when it comes to location, as they can be moored on rivers that flow through various areas;
• Taxation . The taxation of land-based casinos and riverboat casinos can vary depending on the state. In some cases, land-based casinos may be subject to higher tax rates than riverboat casinos;
• Building codes . Land-based casinos are typically required to meet more stringent building codes than riverboat casinos. This is because land-based casinos are permanent structures, while riverboat casinos are considered temporary structures;
• Inspection and enforcement . Land-based casinos usually undergo more frequent inspections and stricter enforcement of regulations compared to riverboat casinos.

Generally, the regulation of land-based casinos tends to be more strict and comprehensive than the regulation of any casino on the Mississippi River . The reason is likely that land-based casinos are considered to have a greater impact on the surrounding community , both in terms of economic benefits and social costs.

State-by-State Riverboat Gambling Regulations

As of 2024, it’s legal to run and visit a riverboat casino in six states. Let’s take a closer look at each of them:

Here, riverboat casinos are allowed on the Mississippi River , the Illinois River , and the Des Plaines River . The casinos must be located at least 300 feet from the shore and be accessible to the public by land or water . Riverboat casinos in Illinois are regulated by the Illinois Gaming Board .

In Indiana, boat casinos can operate on the Ohio River , the Indiana Harbor , and the Patoka Lake Reservoir . They must be located at least 600 feet from the shore . Riverboat casinos in Indiana are regulated by the Indiana Gaming Commission .

In this state, it’s legal for riverboat casinos to operate on the Mississippi River and the Missouri River . They must be located at least 300 feet from the shore and are regulated by the Iowa Racing and Gaming Commission .

A riverboat casino in Louisiana is allowed to operate on the Mississippi River , the Red River , and the Gulf of Mexico as long as they are located at least 300 feet from the shore . The casinos here are regulated by the Louisiana Gaming Control Board .

Obviously, a riverboat casino in Mississippi can be located on the Mississippi River at least 300 feet from the shore . Boat casinos in Mississippi are regulated by the Mississippi Gaming Commission .

Last but not least, Missouri riverboat casinos are allowed on the Mississippi River and the Missouri River at least 300 feet from the shore . Riverboat casinos in Missouri are regulated by the Missouri Gaming Commission .

Brief History of Riverboat Casinos

Explore the history of riverboat casinos in the United States, tracing their origins, development, and impact on both the gambling industry and American culture.

19th Century: The Origins of Riverboat Gambling

The roots of riverboat gambling can be traced back to the 19th century when steamboats were the primary mode of transportation along the Mississippi River. As passengers went on long journeys, gambling became a popular pastime to pass the time. While gambling activities were generally illegal on land at that time, boats provided a loophole, as they were considered to be outside of state jurisdiction.

Early 20th Century: Decline and Revival

The invention of railroads in the early 20th century led to a logical decline in riverboat travel, and respectively, riverboat gambling. However, the 1970s saw a reappearance of interest in riverboat casinos, primarily because of the push to revitalize urban areas.

1990s: Expansion and Legalization

The 1990s marked a period of significant growth for riverboat casinos. Several states legalized riverboat gambling, and the industry expanded rapidly. By the late 1990s, there were over 150 riverboat casinos operating in the United States.

2005: Hurricane Katrina and Its Devastating Blow

In August 2005, Hurricane Katrina struck the Gulf Coast, causing widespread destruction and displacement. The storm severely impacted the boat casino industry in Mississippi and Louisiana, with several casinos suffering significant damage or complete destruction.

Late 2010s: Post-Katrina Recovery and Adaptation

The consequences of Hurricane Katrina brought significant changes to the riverboat casino industry. While some casinos managed to rebuild and reopen, others had to close permanently. The industry also faced increased competition from brick-and-mortar casinos, which were gaining popularity at that time.

Today: A Mature Industry

Today, a casino boat remains a popular form of entertainment in the United States. However, the industry has matured and consolidated, with the number of riverboat casinos decreasing in recent years. Despite these changes, riverboat casinos continue to be an important economic driver in many regions.

Popular Riverboat Casinos in the US

Now that we know all the theory about riverboat gambling, let’s get to practice and take a look at the most popular water casinos in the United States.

The Grand Victoria Casino – Elgin, Illinois

Located along the beautiful Fox River, The Grand Victoria Casino is a home (or rather a boat) of true gaming elegance. Known as the largest riverboat casino in Illinois, it boasts an impressive 65,000 square feet of gaming space including slots, table games, and a poker room. The casino also offers a variety of dining and entertainment options, including a steakhouse, a buffet, and a concert venue.

Ameristar Casino Vicksburg – Vicksburg, Mississippi

The Ameristar Casino Vicksburg is one of the oldest and most crowded riverboat casinos in Mississippi with over 50,000 square feet of gaming space . The wide choice of slots, table games, and poker tables is complemented by all kinds of entertainments, from the flavors of a diverse buffet to comedy clubs and nightclubs.

Horseshoe Casino – Bossier City, Louisiana

The Horseshoe Casino is one of the largest riverboat casinos in Louisiana and one of the most popular. It features over 100,000 square feet of gaming space , including slots, table games, and a poker room. The casino also offers a variety of dining and entertainment options, so players can choose between a steakhouse, a buffet, a concert venue, and others.

Sam’s Town Casino – Shreveport, Louisiana

Sam’s Town Casino is a popular destination for all kinds of gaming enthusiasts in and out of state. With a gaming space of over 34,000 square feet , this casino offers an intimate yet exhilarating experience. Beyond the slots, table games, and poker room, Sam’s Town welcomes gamers to savor a culinary journey with a steakhouse, a buffet, and a unique entertainment experience at the in-house bowling alley.

What is the Diamond Lady casino boat?

The Diamond Lady Riverboat Casino was a paddlewheel riverboat casino that operated on the Mississippi River in Bettendorf, Iowa, from 1991 to 2008. In 2021, the Diamond Lady sank during a severe winter storm. It was later raised and brought to shore, where it remains today. The future of the Diamond Lady is uncertain, but it is possible that it will be restored and reopened as a casino or museum.

Why do casinos have to be on water in the US?

Casinos in the US don’t necessarily have to be on the water, but there are some casinos that are. This practice originated when gambling laws were more restrictive on land, and the association of riverboat gambling with waterborne transportation became a legal requirement in some states.

Why are casinos on the water so popular?

Riverboat casinos are popular for their unique charm and historical allure. The on-water setting offers players a distinctive and memorable gaming experience, contributing to the popularity of these establishments. Additionally, the regulations associated with riverboat gambling create a controlled and regulated environment that appeals to both operators and players.

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History of Riverboat Gambling on the Mississippi

The South has always been at least somewhat friendly to gambling due to the rise of the riverboat in the early 1900s. Games of chance were kept on the water so that anti-gambling laws wouldn’t apply. Games like poker and roulette took place on grand riverboats, even if the ship never left the dock.

This tradition was greatly reduced when the railroad became the main way to transport both goods and people, but some riverboats remain in the South today. In Mississippi and Louisiana, especially, retired steamboats are now used for river cruising and for gambling in places like Vicksburg.

Online casinos are one of the latest innovations in the casino industry. Since the rise of technological advancements, they are solid competitors to U.S.-based land-based casinos. Many gambling restrictions still remain in the South and across the ocean. For example, every casino in the UK gets licensed by the UK Gambling Commission.

The regulations of the U.S. online casino market have led to developers existing who only get associated with U.S. casinos and are not available at UK-based gaming sites. Some famous developers for the U.S. market are RealTime Gaming, Relax Gaming, Rival Gaming, Elk Studios and Betsoft.

But for those players who want the old-time experience of dressing up and boarding a grand steamboat, the South has plenty for them. Just look along the Mississippi River from Missouri to Louisiana. According to Visit Mississippi , the first steamboat to travel the Mississippi River was the New Orleans, whose October 1811 maiden voyage began in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The New Orleans stopped in Natchez in December 1811 before continuing to its final port in New Orleans.

Wealthy Southerners could afford to travel by steamboat, and some were ornately decorated in the Victorian style. The riverboat casinos that remain today continue that grand tradition, with music playing onboard, restaurants available to players and even live entertainment offered regularly.

So, if you want to step back in time and experience the old South by river—without all the outlaws and pirates —consider a riverboat cruise or evening of gaming.

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A Guide To The Most Iconic Riverboat Casinos In The US 

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Talk about casino destinations and you’ll most likely think of Las Vegas, Atlantic City or, if you are travelling outside the US, maybe Monaco or Macau.

Yet what are called “land based” or “bricks and mortar” casinos to differentiate them from the online versions are not necessarily on land or made of bricks and mortar.” To: “Yet what are called “land based” or “bricks and mortar” casinos to differentiate them from the online versions like 1xbet India online casino, are not necessarily on land or made of bricks and mortar.

We refer, of course, to riverboat casinos, a little slice of Americana that’s as American as Super Bowl Sunday or Thanksgiving turkey. Riverboat casinos conjure up images of the Mississippi and Mark Twain complete with white suit, top hat and cigar. There are more than 60 riverboat casinos operating in the USA and every single one of them has a story to tell. Here, we highlight a handful of the very best.

The Grand Victoria, Elgin

Our first stop is not on the Mississippi at all, but on the Fox River in Elgin, 50 miles north west of Chicago . Owned and operated by Caesars Entertainment, the Grand Victoria really is a slice of Las Vegas on the Illinois waterfront.  With more than 1,000 slots and video poker terminals and 36 tables, there’s a great choice of games.

If all that gambling whets your appetite, there are four dining options on board, including the highly rated Buckingham’s Steakhouse and Lounge.

Casino Queen, Marquette  

The Casino Queen would look like a lifeboat if it was moored alongside the Grand Victoria, but that is all part of its charm. It offers a more intimate and personalized experience, and although there are only eight tables, they host an intriguing variety of games that are not commonly found in land (or water) based casinos. If you know how to gamble online in the US , you’ve probably seen fusion blackjack and 21+3 at US online casinos. The Casino Queen gives you an opportunity to play them in real casino surroundings.

When you step ashore, there is an adjacent 31-acre entertainment complex with a variety of attractions and a huge choice of dining options.

The Amelia Belle, Amelia  

At last, we arrive in Louisiana, where the Amelia Belle lies nestled in the Avoca Island Cutoff waterway. This classic four-story riverboat looks like it has stepped straight out of a photograph from the turn of the 20 th century. When it is lit up at night, it takes your breath away.

At the tables, poker is the order of the day. The casino offers Mississippi stud, 3-card poker and Texas Holdem. There are also 800 slot games, while the Fanduel sportsbook has self-service betting kiosks, a wall full of television screens, and a huge video wall to show the biggest events.

Sam’s Town, Shreveport

On the opposite side of Louisiana, Sam’s Town could not be more different to the Amelia Belle. This floating leisure complex houses a hotel, health spa, sauna and live entertainment venue.

The casino offers more than 1,000 slots and 30 table games that include blackjack, roulette, baccarat, Let it Ride and Craps No More.

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There are various areas of the world that just seem synonymous with gambling. When people hear the name Las Vegas they picture gambling of a flashy, mass entertainment proportion. Macau ’ s gambling culture brings a real Asian flavour to gambling, with many inevitably comparing it to Vegas. Monte Carlo delivers gambling connotations of wealth and prestige. Obviously, it is not just physical areas where gambling has a strong presence, with the web and mobile space being  dominated by PartyCasino  and other big names in the industry.

Another, yet somewhat less spectacular, sight that can only be associated with gambling is the steam propelled riverboat of certain states in the USA. How did these iconic vessels come to be known for hosting casinos, and what is the current status of riverboat casinos today?

On Water, But Not Land

There is a network of rivers that penetrate inland from the Gulf of Mexico up through the United States,  most famously the Mississippi River . In the 19 th  Century the rivers provided a fantastic way to transport goods from town to town up and down the bodies of water. This in turn became a popular method of passenger transport, with travellers using the boat to socialise. One of the most popular forms of entertainment was  play at online Irish casino , and therefore this pastime became highly popular aboard the vessels. 

There were also, and still are today, laws that prohibited gambling on land. However, the proprietor s  of these boats took advantage of the loophole not extending these laws to establishments on water. Even today,  riverboats are still to be found on the Mississippi  and is still considered one of the best for cruises. Certain rivers acted as state lines, so it was sometimes argued that the gamblers could not be classified as being in one state or another while steaming down a river.

Railroads and War

As mentioned, the riverboats were first and foremost a means of transportation and enjoyed such success due to it being the quickest and most reliable means of travel and delivery of goods. However, when railroads started to spread across the country, they opened up new routes that got people around in a more direct manner. The trains also cut days off travel and therefore started to overtake the riverboats in popularity.

Around the same time the  American Civil War  broke out, a period where much of the fighting was done in the Southern States which defied the laws laid out by the North. This meant that riverboat entertainment almost came to a complete end.

The Riverboats of Today

Unlike the boats of old, which used to set off on long journeys to various destinations, the vessels of now mostly remain docked and very seldom actually take to the open waters. However, one will still be able to undergo the traditional experience that thousands enjoyed before casinos became what we are familiar with today.

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The Intriguing History of Riverboat Casinos

It’s quite interesting to know that the riverboat casinos are seldom moved away from the dock. Many states authorized this type of casino to put some limits on the gambling activities. The law didn’t allow casinos to be operational on land nor did it allow their construction on land areas. Instead, the casinos had the permission to operate on riverboats.

In recent times, riverboat casinos exist in several American states. They’re located along the Gulf Coast or along the Mississippi River. One can also find riverboat casinos along the Mississippi River’s tributaries. If you are suffering from sea-sickness, you can always play online casino. Check out Casinos Jungle , the #1 online casino platform in the US and in Canada.

Paddlewheel riverboats in the 20th century

In the early 20th century, there were paddlewheel riverboats to transport passengers and freight on the Mississippi River. The tributaries of this river also had these boats for transportation. Then came a time when the railroads became popular for transporting freight and passengers. As a result, these riverboats became increasingly useful for excursions that lasted several hours.

Instead of transporting people between riverfront towns, they were more of an escape from the crowds. They began hosting dancing and live music. Soon, they became popular places for gambling with the use of slot machines and card games.

Approval and prohibitions

In the late 20th century, the riverboat casinos got the approval of states. Most of the states had prohibitions in place for gambling activities on land. As these riverboats operated casinos in them, they had to sail away from the dock. At certain places, gambling activities were allowed only when the ship was sailing.

Indiana, Illinois, Louisiana, Missouri, and Mississippi were some of the states that allowed riverboat casinos. The state of Illinois also allowed limited number of casinos in the metropolitan area of Chicago. Most of the states that gave an approval for riverboat casinos have a frontage along the Mississippi River.

River border situation between Maryland and Virginia

During the mid-20th century, a quirk in the state border between Virginia and Maryland led to an unusual situation. The border is on the Virginia side at the low water mark and not in the middle of the river. So, the entire river falls in Maryland except for some small portions.

This led to several riverboat casinos being docked off to the Virginia shores. This happened in the 1950s, when gambling was not legal in Virginia. The visitors had to park in Virginia and walk across a pier, as the river was in Maryland.

Amending of the state constitution

In the year 1994, voters in Missouri gave their approval to amend the state constitution. This was to allow games of chance to continue on the Missouri and Mississippi rivers. Only some part of Missouri’s riverboat gambling industry were clearly on the channel of the main river by 1998. According to the ruling of the state’s supreme court, the boats had to be solely over the surface of the rivers.

These boats were also required to maintain contact with the rivers’ surface. Casinos had to be in a moat on these riverboats. They could also be in a place with water adjacent to a waterway that was navigable. This led to the riverboats being referred to as ‘boats in moats’.

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Riverboat Gaming On The Mississippi

Life on the Mississippi is changing for the bettor. Since Iowa first launched riverboat gaming on April 1,1991, four other states along the Mississippi have enacted similar legislation. Missouri became the latest state to legalize riverboat gaming on the Mississippi River, when voters overwhelmingly approved a statewide proposition on election day. In accordance with the new law, local municipalities or counties also have to approve gambling in separate proactive local referendums. St.

Louis, St. Charles, Ste. Genevieve, Jefferson City, Parkville, Jefferson county and Buchanan county did so on the same day.

Ironically, Hannibal, Mo., the hometown of Mark Twain, whose name is synonymous with the Mississippi riverboat era, was the only community to reject riverboat gaming in the recent Missouri vote.

Exhibit 1 shows highlights of the current riverboat gaming legislation in Illinois, Iowa, Louisiana, Mississippi and Missouri.

There are a number of groups actively lobbying for legalization of riverboat gaming in Connecticut, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia and Wisconsin.

With five states already on-line and others seriously considering legalization, shipbuilders, naval architects, outfitters and suppliers are gearing up for a lucrative, multimillion-dollar market which should be sustained for at least the next five years.

Depending on their size and outfitting, the average construction cost of a new riverboat casino could be $6 million to $12 million, with proposed gaming boats in Louisiana more than $35 million.

Perhaps the only exceptions to this gage are the casino vessels that will operate in Mississippi, a market that will be predominately composed of refitted, existing barges.

There are currently 14 riverboat casinos operating, five each in Illinois and Mississippi and four in Iowa. Exhibit 2 provides details on riverboat casinos in operation, while Exhibit 3 shows new construction.

"It's going to be a very good market over the next few years," said Charles Burrell, whose company, Jennings, La.-based Leevac Shipyards, Inc., is a major player in the construction of casino boats. "And with the recent passage of Missouri gaming, a good market just got a little bit brighter." Leevac is currently in discussions with several parties interested in riverboat casinos.

The yard's most recent delivery was the DeJong & Lebet-designed President Riverboat Casino Mississippi, which is one of the few selfpropelled vessels currently in operation in Mississippi.

Fully outfitted with sophisticated surveillance and gaming equipment, the President Riverboat Casino Mississippi had a reported price tag of $17 million.

Admiral To See Action As A Casino Boat The approval of riverboat gaming in Missouri will have a dramatic impact on the St. Louis riverfront. Under special provisions written into the Missouri law, permanently moored vessels within a certain distance of the Eads Bridge will be allowed to offer gaming. This provision, especially written in for the idled Admiral, owned by John Connelly's Gateway Riverboat Cruises of St. Louis, would give the former steamer a new life. The old riverboat, which measures 374- by 92-feet and was at one time licensed to carry 4,400 passengers, has been shut down since late 1988. Mr. Connelly also owns the excursion vessel Belle of St. Louis, built by Leevac Shipyards.

When she was constructed, the vessel, an integrated power unit and barge, was prewired for slot gaming operations. Mr. Connelly has already indicated that he plans to utilize both these vessels in casino operations. According to preliminary plans recently outlined by Gary C. Frommelt, director of marine operations for Gateway Riverboat Cruises, the refurbishment of the Admiral would involve the removal of bulkheads and gift shop areas on the first deck.

The first deck would then probably be closed off. The main ballroom on the second deck would be widened to the full beam of the boat by removing the outer bulkheads.

This area would then be utilized as the main casino. The renovation of the Admiral is expected to be completed this spring.

In addition, according to one industry source, another gaming vessel is in the design phase for the Connelly Group.

Its intended area of operation is unknown at this time.

There are approximately 10 slots available near the Eads Bridge for permanently moored casino boats, six of which are reportedly controlled by the Connelly Group.

At the recent Riverboat Gaming Congress & Expo held in New Orleans, Mr. Connelly also announced that his firm, President Riverboat Casinos, Inc., had applied for registration for public trading on the NASDAQ exchange.

A stock offering would supply the firm with an infusion of capital to further expand operations.

The firm includes excursion vessel operator Gateway Riverboat Cruises, President Casinos gaming operations in Iowa and Mississippi, and gaming equipment manufacturer International Gaming Technology. Proposals For The St. Louis Riverfront In the space of one week of the approval of riverboat gaming in Missouri, there were no less than a half dozen projects proposed for the St. Louis riverfront by would-be casino operators.

One of the most ambitious projects came from Jumer Hotels & Casinos, the operator of the successful Illinois gaming vessel Casino Rock Island.

Jumer's proposal calls for the construction of two new casino boats and a 250-room hotel at Laclede's Landing, an historic district north of the Eads Bridge currently under renovation.

As laid out by Jumer, the two casino boats would be near replicas of the steamers J.S. Deluxe and Capital, which served St. Louis in the early 1900s.

The J.S. Deluxe II would be permanently moored at the site, while the Capitol II would make regular gaming excursion trips. The 320- foot J.S. Deluxe II, with a restaurant on its upper deck and casinos on its second and main decks, and a 195-foot pavilion barge, featuring gift shops, recreation area and offices, would be built first and open in the spring of 1994.

The 293-foot Capital II would be completed in the fall of 1995. The hotel would be open by late 1994. Jumer expects to draw over 3.1 million people to the complex upon its completion.

The total cost of the project would be more than $90 million.

According to figures released by the company, this unique attraction would create jobs for 2,250 employees with a payroll of $67 million and produce a projected $163.9 million in city and state revenues over its initial five years.

Other proposals for Laclede's Landing came from: Ashfari Enterprises, Casino Magic Corporation, Kuhlmann Design Group, St. Louis Riverport Resort, and Skyline Casinos, Inc.

City officials are expected to decide late this month which of the firms would receive the mooring lease for Laclede's Landing. Queen of New Orleans: A $35 Million Riverboat "Hilton has long been at the forefront of the gaming industry and as gaming proliferated across the country, we plan on taking advantage of appropriate opportunities," said Barron Hilton, chairman and president of Hilton Hotels Corporation. Sticking to its philosophy, Hilton Hotels Corporation and its partner New Orleans Paddle wheels, Inc., are soon expected to announce the award of the contract to construct a 3,500-passenger, 400- by 90-foot casino paddlewheeler for Louisiana.

According to Duncan McKenzi, president, Hilton's Queen of New Orleans Riverboat Casino, the short list of yards in the running for the contract has been narrowed to Halter Marine, Inc., a part of the Trinity Marine Group; Avondale Industries, Inc.; Bender Shipbuilding & Repair Co., Inc.; and McDermott, Inc.

Many insiders believe that Halter Marine, which provided the design work for the vessel, will be awarded the construction contract. The $35 million project, which will involve 200 jobs for ship workers, is expected to be completed approximately 12 months from the start of construction.

Some industry sources suggest that the cost of the vessel might exceed $35 million, once specialized surveillance, coin counting and gaming equipment is installed. Upon completion, the Queen of New Orleans would feature a 30,000-squarefoot casino containing nearly 1,500 slot machines and 60 table games. "We are going to award the contract to a Louisiana-based yard to stay within the spirit of the law, which was to create jobs locally," said Mr. McKenzie. "Three of the yards are based right here in New Orleans, while Bender just recently purchased the Bergeron Shipyard in Braithwaite." Conservative estimates by Mr. McKenzie project that the vessel will carry over one million passengers per year, generating revenues of about $40-45 per person per trip. If a lease can be obtained, the Queen of New Orleans would operate out of a new open air pavilion located at the Canal Street Wharf.

New Orleans Paddlewheels, Inc., will own 50 percent of the project and manage the operation of the vessel. Hilton Gaming Division will manage the operation of the casino. According to joint venture partner Warren Reuther, president of New Orleans Paddlewheels, Inc., the two firms are also considering operating vessels out of the cities of Lake Charles and Shreveport.

These vessels would be smaller than the Queen of New Orleans, with a length of250 feet and beam of 60 feet, carrying 1,500 passengers. The paddlewheelers, of Rodney E. Lay design, would be similar in style to the Players Riverboat Casino under construction at Leevac Shipyards, Inc., in Jennings, La.

"Riverboat gaming will have a major impact on tourism to Louisiana," said Mr. Reuther. "The project [Queen of New Orleans] will work to enhance the existing charm and excitement New Orleans is renowned for . . ." As many as 15 licenses are expected to be issued in Louisiana, with a maximum of six vessels operating out of any one Parish.

By law, gaming operations have been limited to: the Mississippi, Red, Calcasieu, Mermentau, Ouachita and Atchafalaya Rivers, Bayou Bienvenue, Lake Pontchartrain, Lake Maurepas and the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway.

All the vessels must be paddlewheelers and of at least 150 feet in length. Up to 60 percent of the passenger square footage can be devoted to gaming.

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Riverboat Casino

This riverboat has been converted into a casino. In the early to mid-19th century riverboats were used for transportation on Iowa's rivers. But in the 21st century riverboats house some of Iowa's gambling establishments.

Photo courtesy of the Iowa Department of Transportation

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Historic Drought Exposes Sunken Mississippi Riverboat Casino

By Nico DeMattia

Posted on Oct 30, 2022 3:50 PM EDT

Many parts of the Mississippi river are seeing record-low water levels. In McKellar Lake— a backwater of the Mississippi River in Memphis, Tennessee—the water level is almost 11 feet below the historic average, which has fully exposed a previously sunken Mississippi riverboat casino, the Diamond Lady. From bow to stern, there’s no longer a single inch of the Diamond Lady that lies hidden by the waterline, and there’s something tragic and eerie about it.

The Diamond Lady was built in 1991 and was the first riverboat casino in Iowa’s section of the Mississippi river since the 19th century. It was designed to look like old paddlewheel boats from that bygone era, just with modern slot machines filling its multiple decks. In the ’90s, it was bright, vibrant, and full of passengers looking to feel as if they’d been transported back in time. But in 2008, after having been transported to Memphis, the Diamond Lady sank, due to freezing water.

After it sunk, it was just left in the backwaters of the Mississippi River, and you can see where the waterline used to sit. From the hull to about midway up the second deck, the Diamond Lady’s white and blue color scheme turned to a muted brown, waterlogged and rotten from having sat in the murky lake for over a decade. Above that brown water-stained line, you can still see its original colors and get an idea of what it used to look like when it was a vibrant gambling attraction.

The Diamond Lady, like the Rhythm City riverboat before it, is making an unscheduled encore appearance next to — not in — the Mississippi River in Memphis. https://t.co/eKyiKhaH7D pic.twitter.com/OAomZrpv5O — Local 4 WHBF (@WHBF) October 28, 2022

There’s no doubt locals are going to want to check out the now risen Diamond Lady in person and many will likely try and climb aboard. However, doing so is a terrible idea. Not only is the boat on unstable footing but there’s no safety equipment or even railings, and every part of its structure is weakened. Aside from some selfies to prove to your your bravery to your friends, you’ll find nothing aboard the previously sunken Diamond Lady but soggy wood, worthless furniture, and broken dreams.

Still, I don’t blame the sort of morbid curiosity of wanting to see it in person. Seeing what was once a popular, beloved tourist and vacation attraction, so still, quiet, and lonely has an eerie allure. Just don’t climb aboard.

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