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2021-2024 Racing Rules of Sailing available now
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Rules 21-23 – Keeping Clear, Avoiding, Interfering: Racing Rules of Sailing 2021-2024
Section D, Other Rules, is the final section of Part 2, When Boats Meet. Section D contains rules 21-23 addressing topics that do not fit neatly into Sections A-C.
In 2018, the Inland Lake Yachting Association (ILYA) and SailZing, LLC partnered on a Fair Sailing initiative. As part of this initiative, SailZing worked with the ILYA and UK Sailmakers to develop a series of articles on the rules. With the rules changes in 2021, SailZing is updating these articles and adding video summaries.
2021 Changes to Rules 21-23
For the 2021 rules, World Sailing revised previous Rule 21 – Exoneration, and moved it to Rule 43 in section 4 of the rules. This left only three rules in Section D, re-numbered as rules 21-23.
Other than re-numbering, there were no other significant changes to the rules in this section. One minor wording changes to Rule 21 is shown in red.
Rule 21 – Starting Errors; Taking Penalties; Backing a Sail
“21.1 A boat sailing towards the pre-start side of the starting line or one of its extensions after her starting signal to start or to comply with rule 30.1 shall keep clear of a boat not doing so until her hull is completely on the pre-start side.
21.2 A boat taking a penalty shall keep clear of one that is not.
21.3 A boat moving astern, or sideways to windward, through the water by backing a sail shall keep clear of one that is not.”
Rule 21 Key Points
- Rule 21 removes the right-of-way protections (Section A rules) for boats re-starting, taking a penalty, or moving backwards/sideways by backing a sail. The preamble to Section D emphasizes this. It states: “When rule 21 or 22 applies between two boats, Section A rules do not.”
Rule 22 – Capsized, Anchored or Aground; Rescuing
“If possible, a boat shall avoid a boat that is capsized or has not regained control after capsizing, is anchored or aground, or is trying to help a person or vessel in danger. A boat is capsized when her masthead is in the water.”
Rule 22 Key Points
Don’t get too close to a capsized boat. You never know what might happen. As the picture shows, the situation can change rapidly in heavy air.
Rule 23 – Interfering with another Boat
“23.1 If reasonably possible, a boat not racing shall not interfere with a boat that is racing .
23.2 If reasonably possible, a boat shall not interfere with a boat that is taking a penalty, sailing on another leg or subject to rule 21.1. However, after the starting signal this rule does not apply when the boat is sailing her proper course.”
Rule 23 Key Points
- When multiple fleets are sailing the same course, fleets that are not in the starting sequence should stay well clear of the starting area.
- After finishing, sail well outside of the laylines to the finishing line.
- Rule 23.2 may seem to conflict with Rule 21, which requires boats taking a penalty or re-starting to keep clear. However, note the last sentence in rule 23.2. After the start, you can’t deviate from your proper course to interfere with boats re-starting, taking penalties, or on another leg. If you’re sailing your proper course, you don’t have to worry about interfering with these boats.
Definitions
Racing A boat is racing from her preparatory signal until she finishes and clears the finishing line and marks or retires, or until the race committee signals a general recall, postponement or abandonment
World Sailing Cases of Interest for Section D
126 – when does a boat finish? 127 – are boats that make an error in sailing the course considered to be racing?
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Rules in Practice 2021-2024 by Bryan Willis
| has been the best-selling guide to the racing rules for the last 40 years. Now, in its 10 edition, it has been updated for (and contains in full) the and features a brand new chapter on the luffing rules and how they are being applied. The latest rule changes are also described, along with their impact on you as a sailor. With over 20 new scenarios, reflecting the courses we now sail, it is as up-to-date and relevant as the first edition was in 1985. Unlike other rules guides which take you through the rules in order, this book tackles the subject from the sailors’ point of view. It takes you around the race course, from start to finish, through the key situations that occur repeatedly showing, from the point of view of each boat in turn, what you may, must, or cannot do. You don’t have to know all the rules off by heart, but you do need to know your rights and obligations on the water – the rules can be looked up afterwards. This knowledge will build your confidence while racing and enable you to make the most of opportunities when they arise. Colour diagrams throughout ensure concepts are easily understood. If you are going to buy one rule book – make it this one! |
Where to buy
Fernhurst Books
RYA Racing Rules of Sailing 2021-2024 editions out now
Make sure you’re ready for the 2021-2024 changes to the Racing Rules of Sailing with the RYA rules books. The new editions are now available from the RYA shop – www.rya.org.uk/shop .
Updated every four years by World Sailing, the Racing Rules of Sailing are compulsory for racing sailors around the globe.
As the Member National Authority for the UK, the RYA Racing Rules of Sailing 2021-2024 (order code YR1, RRP £10.99) not only features the World Sailing rules in full, but is also the only publication to contain the RYA Racing Charter, Racing Rules Guidance and the RYA National Prescriptions – essential for racing in the UK.
The compact, ring-bound and waterproof book is perfect for taking afloat. It covers not only the fundamentals of the race itself, including racing conduct and what is fair and unfair, but also details things like protests, hearings and appeals. You’ll find everything competitors, judges and umpires need to know.
The RYA also publish two further rules titles to help sailors understand and reference the rules with ease. Both have been updated to reflect the changes coming into effect on 01 January 2021.
The RYA Handy Guide to the Racing Rules 2021-2024 (order code YR7, RRP £4.49) is ideal for competitors just getting started in racing. It covers all the basics simply and clearly. Available as both a pocket-sized book and an eBook, access the rules quickly and easily - whenever and wherever you need them.
Also in the series is RYA The Racing Rules Explained 2021-2024 eBook (order code E-G80, RRP £18.99) written by Trevor Lewis, former Chair of the RYA Racing Committee, a World Sailing International Judge and acknowledged rules expert.
The comprehensive guide contains detailed analysis and explanations of each rule, showing how they might be applied in different scenarios. The eBook is easily searchable and also features case book examples from World Sailing, RYA, USA and Canada making it the most relevant title available.
Steen Ingerslev, RYA Publications Manager commented: “We work really hard to ensure all our titles are as relevant, up to date and accessible as possible and have made huge advances with our eBooks and digital resources in recent years. These new editions really are essential reading for anyone racing in the UK and the perfect Christmas present for the competitive sailors in your life.”
Get your copy
All the RYA rules books are available now on the RYA web shop – www.rya.org.uk/shop .
RYA members can take advantage of 15% discount on all RYA publications. The eBook editions are available through the RYA Books App, as well as Apple Books and Google Play Books.
For more information about the 2021-2024 titles, as well as other RYA racing publications visit www.rya.org.uk/go/racingbooks .
Yachting World
- Digital Edition
Everything you need to know about the 37th America’s Cup
Follow the build-up to the 37th America’s Cup as the teams prepare to fight it out for the oldest sporting trophy in the world.
Which teams are in the 37th America’s Cup?
In 2021 four teams raced in fully foiling AC75 monohulls which were conceived specifically for the event by then Defender, Emirates Team New Zealand and Challenger of Record, Luna Rossa Prada Pirelli.
These same four teams return for the 2024 America’s Cup and will be joined by two additional teams, bringing the total number of entries up to 6.
Emirates Team New Zealand – America’s Cup Defender
As the current holder of the America’s Cup, Emirates Team New Zealand will be racing again in the 37th America’s Cup. As the Defender, the Kiwis will be guaranteed a spot in the America’s Cup regatta itself.
Any other challengers will need to race each other in preliminary regattas for the right to be the single challenger in the America’s Cup regatta itself.
Emirates Team New Zealand represent the Royal Auckland Yacht Club in America’s Cup racing.
INEOS Britannia – America’s Cup Challenger of Record
The Challenger of Record is the name given to the first yacht club to challenge the holder of the America’s Cup once it has been won.
When Emirates Team New Zealand successfully completed their defence of the America’s Cup in 2021, the Royal Yacht Squadron immediately issued a challenge on behalf of Ben Ainslie’s INEOS Team UK (now called INEOS Britannia), so they are Challenger of Record for the 37th America’s Cup .
INEOS Britannia and Mercedes-AMG Petronas F1 team has strengthened an exhausting relationship, with the British challenger standing to benefit from the technical and engineering experience of the multiple World Champion F1 team.
Luna Rossa perform a tight leeward mark rounding
Luna Rossa Prada Pirelli
Luna Rossa Prada Pirelli has a very long America’s Cup history having first competed in 2000 and has taken part in every Cup since (with the exception of the unique 2010 Deed of Gift match).
For the 36th America’s Cup Luna Rossa Prada Pirelli were the challenger of record. They also won the challenger selection series so it was this Italian team who took on Emirates Team New Zealand for the America’s Cup itself.
The team will return for the 37th America’s Cup though this time they are not the official challenger of record.
American Magic
In 2021 the New York Yacht Clubs’ American Magic was also competing, though their event was ultimately ruined by a capsize in the early part of the regatta . They did get the boat rebuilt but it never got back up to speed and they made an early exit.
The 2021 campaign marked the return of the New York Yacht Club to the America’s Cup. The NYYC held the America’s Cup from its inception in 1851 right the way through to 1983, when they were defeated by the Royal Perth Yacht Club’s Australia II .
American Magic have confirmed their entry into the 37th America’s Cup and will, once again, be representing the New York Yacht Club.
Alinghi Red Bull Racing out training in their training AC75, purchased from Emirates Team New Zealand. Photo: Alinghi Red Bull Racing media
Alinghi Red Bull Racing
Another team making a return to the America’s Cup scene after a long break will be Ernesto Bertarelli’s Alinghi team. The Swiss team won the America’s Cup in 2003 and then completed a successful defence in 2007.
However, a serious falling out over the potential rules for the next America’s Cup saw Alinghi taken to court by Larry Ellison and his BMW Oracle team, the 2010 America’s Cup was held between Alinghi and BMW Oracle Racing in a Deed of Gift match that saw the teams fight it out in huge multihulls.
BMW Oracle won the contest and Alinghi stepped away from America’s Cup racing. Their return is a welcome one and their Cup history alongside their partnership with Red Bull Racing should see them a solid challenge from the off.
Orient Express Team France
The French entry to the 2024 America’s Cup was long rumoured but it was not until quite late in the day that they officially announced their intention to challenge.
It was in early 2023 that the official announcement came of a French AC entry, backed by Accor Group and its brands Orient Express and ALL-ACCOR Live Limitless.
As a fairly late challenge they will have a lot to do to be competitive.
What boats will be used in the 37th America’s Cup
The Protocol for the 37th America’s Cup has been released including the rules for the class of boat to be used in the next edition of the event. Once again the America’s Cup will be raced for in AC75s . These boats were first brought in ahead of the 36th America’s Cup so this will be their second outing.
The foiling monohulls will be slightly different, with rules being tweaked partly aimed at improving light wind performance and reducing crew numbers from 11 to 8.
Teams will only be allowed to build one AC75 and nationality rules are strict this time around requiring 100% of the race crew for each competitor to either be a passport holder of the country of the team’s yacht club or to have been physically present in that country for 18 months of the previous three years prior to 17th March 2021.
Emirates Team New Zealand saw success in 2017 in Bermuda with their Cyclors . These may well return for the 37th America’s Cup.
When it comes to the events, there will be up to three Preliminary Regattas, the first two raced in a new one-design class of AC40s , the last one at the Match venue in AC75s. The Challenger Selection Series and the America’s Cup Match will be held in 2024.
Barcelona, the venue for the 37th America’s Cup
Where will the 37th America’s Cup be held?
Barcelona, Spain was selected in 2022 as the venue for the 37th America’s Cup , marking the first time a New Zealand team has chosen to defend a Cup win overseas.
The home city of Emirates Team New Zealand and the venue for the 36th America’s Cup, Auckland, had an exclusive period in which to tender for the regatta immediately after the Kiwis’ successful defence in 2021, but the sums on offer were not enough, and Emirates Team New Zealand CEO Grant Dalton cast the net wider internationally after rejecting a NZ$99 million (£50 million) offer from the New Zealand government.
A number venues were mooted including: Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Cork, Ireland; Malaga, Spain, but Barcelona eventually won out.
When will the 37th America’s Cup be raced?
The America’s Cup will be held in 2024 in Barcelona. Racing in the 37th America’s Cup Match itself, which is a best of 13 (first to seven) format will start on Saturday 12th October 2024 and could run all the way to the 27th October should all the races be needed to pick a winner.
The America’s Cup will be proceeded by the challenger selection series, which will see which of the five challenger gets the honour to race New Zealand for the Cup itself.
The stated aim was to hold the event in the September-October window, which will allow for the Olympic Games in Paris, France to conclude and also offers a decent range of weather with wind speeds usually around the 9-15 knot mark.
Match Racing
Though the America’s Cup was first raced for in 1851 ( and won by the schooner America from which the trophy gets its name), this race was between a fleet of boats. A challenge by the British in the 1870s was also conducted as a fleet race.
By the 1880s, following a protest from the British, the America’s Cup was decided in a head-to-head match race where two boats sail against each other.
Match racing is a particular skill and encourages aggressive manoeuvres using the rules to put your opponent at a disadvantage. This cut-and-thrust racing, where the only objective is to beat your opponent, has long been at the heart of America’s Cup racing and produces a thrilling spectacle.
You can catch all the latest America’s Cup news, analysis and videos right here on Yachtingworld.com
What we learned from the second day of the America’s Cup Preliminary Regatta
- August 23, 2024
The second day of racing in the 37th America’s Cup Preliminary Regatta 2024 got underway in 10 knots with flat water today in Barcelona providing near-perfect conditions for the foiling…
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- August 22, 2024
Nearly four years after we last saw AC75s fighting it out on the water, today, Thursday 22nd August 2024 saw the foiling monohulls back on the water. The six teams…
Dylan Fletcher-Scott Britain’s 2024 America’s Cup skipper
Dylan Fletcher-Scott is no stranger to high-stakes sailing. But even this Olympic gold medalist will be feeling the pressure as one of the two INEOS Britannia skippers alongside one of…
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Nathan Outteridge has become a name synonymous with excellence in competitive sailing and he is now gearing up for one of the biggest challenges of his storied career: leading the…
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In the high-octane, highly competitive world of professional sailing, few names resonate as powerfully as Peter Burling. As the skipper of Emirates Team New Zealand in the 2024 America’s Cup,…
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- August 21, 2024
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We admit it, we’re excited. The 37th America’s Cup has all the signs of being a good one. At six teams in total, it may not match the entry numbers…
Alinghi Red Bull Racing suffers another mast failure days before start of America’s Cup racing
- August 20, 2024
Alinghi Red Bull Racing have today, Tuesday 20 August, suffered a rig failure when out training on their AC75, just two days before the America’s Cup Preliminary Regatta is due…
“At this stage of the America’s Cup, you don’t want to be too comfortable.” – Inside INEOS Britannia
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America’s Cup boats: 8 facts about the AC75 and why they’re unique
The AC75 is the class of boat that takes part in the America’s Cup and are arguably the most radical boats the compeition has ever seen. This type of America’s…
Ben Ainslie: “We’re a bit of a dark horse” – America’s Cup countdown
- August 16, 2024
It’s one week to go until the first races of the 37th America’s Cup in the AC75. Inside the INEOS Britannia base there is a constant clanging: the AC75 Britannia is in…
WATCH: Will the USA’s Radical America’s Cup Design Choices Pay Off?
- August 14, 2024
American Magic’s new AC75, Patriot, has garnered significant attention due to its unique approach. While all the teams are bound by the same set of design rules, it’s the subtle…
America’s Cup latest: ‘No consensus yet on quickest team’
- August 8, 2024
The America’s Cup is as much a confidence game as it is one of design, technology and boat handling. Whether you’re a Challenger or Defender, asserting your authority wherever you…
Watch: Is this the boat to end 170 years of British America’s Cup hurt?
- July 24, 2024
The pursuit of the America’s Cup, the pinnacle of competitive sailing, has long been a storied journey for Britain. With over 170 years since the inaugural race, the British have…
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- July 22, 2024
We’re weeks away from the start of one of the biggest seasons in sailing. The Olympic Sailing at Paris 2024 begins at the end of July, with the opening races…
Watch: Luna Rossa Prada Pirelli’s America’s Cup Boat Innovations
- July 15, 2024
The 37th America’s Cup in Barcelona this autumn is getting ever closer, and as the event heaves into view we are continuing our look at the AC75s in our team-by-team design…
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- July 3, 2024
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- June 13, 2024
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America’s Cup format, rule changes explained as world’s oldest sporting battle resumes
The America’s Cup, the world’s oldest international sporting trophy, returns this year for its 37th edition.
First contested in 1851, the a 183-year-old sporting challenge has become one of the most highly-anticipated sailing events on the calendar, with fast-paced racing and engineering at the fore of its appeal.
After winning the previous America’s Cup in 2021, Emirates Team New Zealand dictated the location and sections of the rules of engagement for this year’s competition, which will be held in Barcelona.
Here’s everything you need to know ahead of the 2024 America’s Cup ahead what promises to be a thrilling preliminary regatta, starting Thursday night (AEST).
Watch the 37th America’s Cup LIVE on Fox Sports, available on Kayo. New to Kayo? Start Your Free Trial Today >
The America’s Cup and the Challenger Selection Series, this year called the Louis Vuitton Cup, is comprised of head-to-head match races where two boats sail against each other.
Emirates Team New Zealand, known as the Defender having won the previous competition, earned immediate qualification for the America’s Cup match, while their opponent will be determined in the Louis Vuitton Cup, which runs from August 29 to October 7.
The Louis Vuitton Cup winner will be decided after a series of round robins, semi-finals and finals, with five boats competing this year.
The America’s Cup match, contested between the Defender and a challenging vessel, is a best-of-13 series with one point awarded for each victory. The first team to win seven points is declared champions, becoming the Defender of the 38th America’s Cup.
Each competing vessel must be designed and built solely in the country that it represents, while this year marks the first time a New Zealand team has chosen to defend an America’s Cup win overseas.
PRELIMINARY REGATTA
Before the Louis Vuitton Cup gets underway, the six boats will compete in their new AC75s at the third and final Preliminary Regatta in Barcelona.
Points won at the Preliminary Regatta do not count towards progression or elimination, but it gives the teams an opportunity to get a glimpse at the competition before the Louis Vuitton Cup.
The Preliminary Regatta gets underway in Barcelona on Thursday, running through to Sunday.
August 21: Preliminary Regatta Practice day
August 22-25: Barcelona Preliminary Regatta
August 29 – September 8: Louis Vuitton Cup Round Robins 1 & 2
September 14-19: Louis Vuitton Cup Semifinals
September 26 – October 7: Louis Vuitton Cup Finals
October 12-27: The America’s Cup
HOW TO WATCH
Every race in the Louis Vuitton Cup and America’s Cup will be shown live on Fox Sports and streaming platform Kayo Sports.
Coverage gets underway this Thursday at 10pm AEST.
The AC75s, an innovative 75-foot foiling monohull first introduced at the 36th America’s Cup in Auckland in 2021, will return this year for their second outing albeit with considerable tweaks and improvement.s.
“When you look at the boat now, the boat that we’re going to be launching soon (compared) to what we had last time, to us, is a big step on,” Emirates Team New Zealand’s chief operating officer Kevin Shoebridge said.
“There’s a lot of stuff from the outside that you’ll never see – the control systems and everything, the technique and how you sail the boat – a lot of that stuff you won’t see, but to us there’s been some big steps forward.
“I would expect all the boats are going to be a big step forward, and who knows? What typically happens with these rules is when you go from one iteration to the next, slowly they all start to merge together. So, they may look similar.”
Emirates Team New Zealand (The Defender)
Yacht: Taihoro
Country: New Zealand
CEO: Grant Dalton
Helmsman: Peter Burling
INEOS Britannia
Yacht: Britannia
Country: Britain
CEO: Sir Ben Ainslie
Helmsman: Sir Ben Ainslie
American Magic
Yacht: Patriot
Country: America
CEO: Mike Cazer
President: Terry Hutchinson
Helmsman: Terry Hutchinson
Luna Rossa Prada Pirelli Team
Yacht: Tifosi
Country: Italy
Chairman: Patrizio Bertelli
Helmsmen: Max Sirena, Francesco Bruni, Jimmy Spithill
Alinghi Red Bull Racing
Yacht: BoatOne
Country: Switzerland
Team Principal: Ernesto Bertarelli
Helmsmen: Arnaud Psarofaghis, Maxime Bachelin, Nicolas Charbonnier
Orient Express Racing Team
Yacht: Orient Express
Country: France
CEOs: Bruno Dubois, Stephan Kandler
Helmsmen: Quentin Delapierre, Kevin Peponnet
RULE CHANGES
There are slight changes to the boat regulations this year, with crew numbers reduced from 11 to eight on the foiling monohulls.
To reduce costs, teams will only be permitted to build one AC75 for the America’s Cup, while national rules have become more strict — 100 per cent of the race crew for each competitor has to be a passport holder of the country of the team’s yacht club, or have been physically present in that country for 18 months between March 2018 and March 2021.
That’s the case for Australian sailing great Tom Slingsby, who will feature as part of the American Magic team having previously hlelped Oracle Team USA to America’s Cup glory.
PAST WINNERS
2021 — Team New Zealand
2017 — Team New Zealand
2013 — Oracle Team USA
2010 — BMW Oracle Racing (United States)
2007 — Alinghi
2003 — Alinghi
2000 — Team New Zealand
1995 — Team New Zealand
1992 — America3 (United States)
1988 — Stars & Stripes ‘89 (United States)
1987 — Stars & Stripes ‘87 (United States)
1983 — Australia II (Australia)
1980 — Freedom (United States)
1977 — Courageous (United States)
1974 — Courageous (United States)
1970 — Intrepid (United States)
1967 — Intrepid (United States)
1964 — Constellation (United States)
1962 — Weatherly (United States)
1958 — Columbia (United States)
1937 — Ranger (United States)
1934 — Rainbow (United States)
1930 — Enterprise (United States)
1920 — Resolute (United States)
1903 — Reliance (United States)
1901 — Columbia (United States)
1899 — Columbia (United States)
1895 — Defender (United States)
1893 — Vigilant (United States)
1887 — Volunteer (United States)
1886 — Mayflower (United States)
1885 — Puritan (United States)
1881 — Mischief (United States)
1876 — Madeleine (United States)
1871 — Columbia/Sappho (United States)
1870 — Magic (United States)
1851 — America (United States)
Table of Contents
- because of foul weather,
- because of insufficient wind making it unlikely that any boat will Definition: Finish " data-url="/definitions/76?xformat=fleet" href="javascript:void(0)">finish within the race time limit,
- because a Definition: Mark " data-url="/definitions/70?xformat=fleet" href="javascript:void(0)">mark is missing or out of position, or
- for any other reason directly affecting the safety or fairness of the competition,
- a line the course requires boats to cross; or
- at a gate, between the gate Definition: Mark " data-url="/definitions/70?xformat=fleet" href="javascript:void(0)">marks .
- the new compass bearing or
- a green triangle for a change to starboard or a red rectangle for a change to port.
- Subsequent legs may be changed without further signalling to maintain the course shape.
- replace it in its correct position or substitute a new one of similar appearance, or
- prohibit a boat from competing unless she has broken rule Rule: 30.4 " data-url="/rules/1569?xformat=fleet" href="javascript:;">30.4 ; or
- cause a boat to be penalized except under rule Rule: 2 " data-url="/rules/1150?xformat=fleet" href="javascript:;">2 , Rule: 30.2 " data-url="/rules/1544?xformat=fleet" href="javascript:;">30.2 , Rule: 30.4 " data-url="/rules/1569?xformat=fleet" href="javascript:;">30.4 or Rule: 69 " data-url="/rules/1626?xformat=fleet" href="javascript:;">69 or under rule Rule: 14 " data-url="/rules/1320?xformat=fleet" href="javascript:;">14 when she has caused injury or serious damage.
Previous Versions
Last updated.
| Rules | ||
|---|---|---|
| Racing Rules of Sailing for 2013-2016; Version 6 | December 2015 | |
| Racing Rules of Sailing for 2017-2020 | August 2017 | |
| Racing Rules of Sailing for 2021-2024 | December 2020 | |
| Prescriptions | ||
| Australia | July 2017 | |
| Canada | November 2019 | |
| Great Britain - RYA has declined to grant a license for prescriptions and cases. | November 2019 | |
| New Zealand | July 2017 | |
| United States | February 2017 | |
| Cases | ||
| World Sailing Cases | February 2022 | |
| World Sailing Q&As | March 2022 | |
| Match Race Calls | January 2020 | |
| Match Race Rapid Response Calls | October 2018 | |
| Team Race Calls | December 2018 | |
| Team Race Rapid Response Calls | February 2016 | |
| CAN Cases | October 2017 | |
| RYA Cases | November 2019 | |
| US Appeals | November 2019 | |
| Manuals | ||
| World Sailing Judges Manual | December 2019 | |
Who currently holds the America’s Cup? List of challengers and defenders since 1851
O ne hundred and seventy-three years ago, on the Isle of Wight, a race began that would become a legend in the sailing world —a race that continues to be discussed today. The competition was for a silver trophy that captured the imaginations and fortunes of some of the wealthiest people in the world, sparking bitter rivalries, intense controversies, and costly legal battles.
What’s more remarkable is that the boat that would become the center of attention by winning the race, the yacht America , started the race facing the wrong way.
The Royal Yacht Squadron in Cowes is one of the most prestigious yacht clubs in the world because this is where the America’s Cup began. Despite the poor start, America surprised its British hosts by winning the race, and the trophy soon made its way to New York. However, after the victory, the owners and crew were uncertain about what to do with their prize—until someone had an idea. This idea would transform the trophy into the most prestigious sailing award, and it has since become the oldest international sporting trophy in the world.
The trophy was renamed the America’s Cup after the yacht that won the first race , though it is informally known as the Auld Mug
Interesting trivia about the winning boat of the first event was a 100-foot schooner, and after winning the cup, the vessel was sold for a sum of $25,000, $5000 more than it was paid for.
For some, the America’s Cup has grown into an obsession. The quest for this trophy has led some of the wealthiest people to pour vast sums of money into their campaigns, only to come up short. Yet, despite the immense costs, many have returned to challenge for the Cup again and again. The New York Yacht Club, in particular, holds the record for the longest winning streak in history, fueled by these relentless East Coast competitors.
One such competitor was Thomas Lipton , who, despite five unsuccessful challenges with his Shamrock yachts, used the publicity to build his tea empire. His repeated failures earned him the respect and affection of the public, even as they cost him a fortune to defend his campaigns. In contrast, others, like Lord Dunraven , were entangled in bitter disputes , illustrating the passion and intensity that have always surrounded the America’s Cup.
The early days of the America’s Cup are as captivating as today’s high-tech, carbon-fiber racing machines.
The America’s Cup is the oldest international sailing competition. Races are held between a defending and challenging yacht club, with the winner awarded the America’s Cup trophy, known as the Auld Mug .
Any yacht club meeting the specified requirements can challenge the current holder. If successful, the challenging club gains stewardship of the Cup. In 1970, a Challenger Selection Series was held to decide the official challenger .
Team New Zealand syndicate
The Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron club is the current holder of the America’s Cup . They successfully defended the 36th America’s Cup in March 2021 using an AC75 foiling monohull called Te Rehutai, owned and sailed by the Team New Zealand syndicate and heavily sponsored by Emirates airline company.
The next America’s Cup will be held between the defending Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron and a challenging yacht club from 12 October 2024 in Barcelona, Spain.
List of all winners
| Year | Location | Defender | Challenger |
| 1851 | Isle of Wight | United Kingdom Royal Yacht Squadron | |
| 1870 | New York City | United Kingdom Royal Thames Yacht Club | |
| 1871 | New York City | Royal Harwich Yacht Club | |
| 1876 | New York City | Canada Royal Canadian Yacht Club | |
| 1881 | New York City | Canada Bay of Quinte Yacht Club | |
| 1885 | New York City | United Kingdom Royal Yacht Squadron | |
| 1886 | New York City | United Kingdom Royal Northern Yacht Club | |
| 1887 | New York City | United Kingdom Royal Clyde Yacht Club | |
| 1893 | New York City | United Kingdom Royal Yacht Squadron | |
| 1895 | New York City | United Kingdom Royal Yacht Squadron | |
| 1899 | New York City | United Kingdom Royal Ulster Yacht Club | |
| 1901 | New York City | United Kingdom Royal Ulster Yacht Club | |
| 1903 | New York City | United Kingdom Royal Ulster Yacht Club | |
| 1920 | New York City | United Kingdom Royal Ulster Yacht Club | |
| 1930 | Newport | United Kingdom Royal Ulster Yacht Club | |
| 1934 | Newport | United Kingdom Royal Yacht Squadron | |
| 1937 | Newport | United Kingdom Royal Yacht Squadron | |
| 1958 | Newport | United Kingdom Royal Yacht Squadron | |
| 1962 | Newport | Australia Royal Sydney Yacht Squadron | |
| 1964 | Newport | United Kingdom Royal Thames Yacht Club | |
| 1967 | Newport | Australia Royal Sydney Yacht Squadron | |
| 1970 | Newport | Australia Royal Sydney Yacht Squadron | |
| 1974 | Newport | Australia Royal Perth Yacht Club | |
| 1977 | Newport | Australia Sun City Yacht Club | |
| 1980 | Newport | Australia Royal Perth Yacht Club | |
| 1983 | Newport | United States New York Yacht Club | |
| 1987 | Freemantle | Australia Royal Perth Yacht Club | |
| 1988 | San Diego | New Zealand Mercury Bay Boating Club | |
| 1992 | San Diego | Italy Compagnia della Vela | |
| 1995 | San Diego | United States San Diego Yacht Club | |
| 2000 | Auckland | Italy Yacht Club Punta Ala | |
| 2003 | Auckland | New Zealand Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron | |
| 2007 | Valencia | New Zealand Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron | |
| 2010 | Valencia | Switzerland Société Nautique de Genève | |
| 2013 | San Francisco | New Zealand Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron | |
| 2017 | Bermuda | United States Golden Gate Yacht Club | |
| 2021 | Auckland | Italy Circolo della Vela Sicilia |
From 1851 to 1983, the USA won the America’s Cup, holding onto the title for 132 years until Australia and the Royal Perth Yacht Club won in 1983. The New York Yacht Club had successfully defended the Cup 25 times in a row , making it the longest defense of a title in sports history .
Additionally, the America’s Cup r ace winner has the right to decide the rules for the next contest , including the types of boats to be used, the location of the race course, and when the race will take place.
IMAGES
COMMENTS
CONTENTS Race Signals Inside front cover Online Rules Documents 4 Introduction 5 Definitions 7 Basic Principles 11 Part 1 Fundamental Rules 11 Part 2 When Boats Meet 14 Part 3 Conduct of a Race 21 Part 4 Other Requirements When Racing 26 Part 5 Protests, Redress, Hearings, Misconduct and Appeals 34 Part 6 Entry and Qualification 50 ...
The Racing Rules of Sailing is published every four years by World Sailing, the international authority for the sport. These rules, amended by US "prescriptions," govern sailboat racing in the United States and in the portions of international races that pass through U.S. waters. The Racing Rules of Sailing for 2021-2024 take effect on ...
Learn the latest rules and regulations for sailboat and sailboard racing from the official World Sailing document.
Revision The racing rules are revised and published every four years by World Sailing, the international authority for the sport. This edition becomes effective on 1 January 2021 except that for an event beginning in 2020 the date may be postponed by the notice of race or sailing instructions. Marginal markings indicate important changes to Parts 1-7 and the Definitions in the 2017-2020 ...
Explore the official Racing Rules of Sailing, governing sailboat and sailboard racing, revised every four years by World Sailing.
The Racing Rules of Sailing govern sailboat racing around the world. They are published every four years by World Sailing (WS), and take effect on January 1 of the year following the Summer Olympic Games. The rules are governed by two basic principles: Sportsmanship and the Rules. Competitors in the sport of sailing are governed by a body of ...
The unofficial site for the Racing Rules of Sailing which links definitions, cases, calls, and provides tools for sailors and race officials for a better understanding of how the rules are applied.
The 2021 - 2024 edition of World Sailing's Racing Rules of Sailing have been published and will come into effect on 1 January 2021.
The following is a list of the significant changes in the 2021-2024 edition of The Racing Rules of Sailing (RRS). These are changes from the 2017-2020 edition. NOTE: These brief summaries are not intended to be actual representations of the rules; nor is this a complete list of all the changes in the 2021-2024 RRS.
Explains the changes to the racing rules of sailing 2021-2024. Shows mark-ups and gives rationale, impact and examples.
Discussion of Rule 18.2 - Giving Mark-Room, updated to the 2021-2024 raciing rules. Uses animated scenarios and links to world sailing cases.
CING RULES OF SAILING 2021 - 2024 HIGH SPEED EDITION V1.0The "High Speed Rules" - version April 2021 (referenced by the abbreviation "HS") have been approved by World Sailing as test rules in accordance with Regulation 28.1.5(b) and may be published as a separate document attached to the SI or included in. This rule book is a ...
The unofficial site for the Racing Rules of Sailing which links definitions, cases, calls, and provides tools for sailors and race officials for a better understanding of how the rules are applied.
The Racing Rules of Sailing for 2021 - 2024 Includes Appendix SY (in Blue) and changes and corrections approved by World Sailing as of 1 January 2021
Discusses racing rules of sailing, part 2 section D - rules 21-23. Updated for the 2021-2024 racing rules of sailing. Text and video.
The Racing Rules of Sailing (RRS) governs the sport of sailboat and sailboard racing. It is revised and published every four years by World Sailing.
Revision The racing rules are revised and published every four years by World Sailing, the international authority for the sport. This edition becomes effective on 1 January 2021 except that for an event beginning in 2020 the date may be postponed by the notice of race or sailing instructions.
Rules in Practice 2021-2024 by Bryan Willis. Rules in Practice has been the best-selling guide to the racing rules for the last 40 years. Now, in its 10 th edition, it has been updated for (and contains in full) the 2021-2024 Racing Rules of Sailing and features a brand new chapter on the luffing rules and how they are being applied.
This guidance highlights the main changes to the Racing Rules of Sailing (RRS) effective from 1 January 2021. The changes include some minor edits which are solely for clarification and are not detailed here. The changes in the RRS are side-lined, except in the appendices. This guidance is intended primarily for competitors, but will also be ...
The RYA also publish two further rules titles to help sailors understand and reference the rules with ease. Both have been updated to reflect the changes coming into effect on 01 January 2021. The RYA Handy Guide to the Racing Rules 2021-2024 (order code YR7, RRP £4.49) is ideal for competitors just getting started in racing.
Essential yacht racing skills; ... of the America's Cup in 2021, the Royal Yacht Squadron immediately ... and nationality rules are strict this time around requiring 100% of the race crew for ...
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To reduce costs, teams will only be permitted to build one AC75 for the America's Cup, while national rules have become more strict — 100 per cent of the race crew for each competitor has to ...
The unofficial site for the Racing Rules of Sailing which links definitions, cases, calls, and provides tools for sailors and race officials for a better understanding of how the rules are applied.
The challenge by Royal Yacht Squadron to the Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron was made on board the 110 foot luxury sailing yacht Imagine immediately following the completion of the 10th and final race of the 36th America's Cup on 17 March 2021. [10] [11]The challenge was a pre-arranged "friendly" challenge arranged by the Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron and Royal Yacht Squadron Racing Ltd ...
Emirates Team New Zealand, representing the Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron, has held the Cup since 2021 and is widely regarded as one of the most formidable teams in the competition. The New York Yacht Club, once the long-standing holder of the Cup for 132 years, lost it to Australia in 1983. ... The race rules are straightforward: the first ...
THE RACING RULES OF SAILING FOR 2021-2024 This is Version 1. Subsequent versions may be issued at any time before 31 December 2024 to show additional changes and corrections made by World Sailing.
The trophy was renamed the America's Cup after the yacht that won the first race, though it is informally known as the Auld Mug. Interesting trivia about the winning boat of the first event was ...
Musk, who has endorsed Trump, blamed the difficulties on a distributed denial-of-service attack, in which a server or network is flooded with traffic in an attempt to shut it down.